Featured in today's newsletter:

  • The changes coming to knowledge work and management.
  • How workers feel about workplace bans on ChatGPT.
  • Preventing desk-worker injuries.

AI and Work Radar

  • Some 20% of workers would support their workplace limiting or outright banning the use of ChatGPT, while 80% would oppose such restrictions, according to a new Glassdoor survey of more than 9,000 US employees. By industry, survey respondents in marketing, advertising, healthcare, and consulting were disproportionately against a workplace ban, while lawyers disproportionately supported one.
  • While many employees who use ChatGPT and other generative AI tools do so secretly, employers would benefit from incentivizing workers to be forthcoming about their use, Wharton professor Ethan Mollick wrote in a recent essay. “That means not just permitting AI use, but also offering substantial rewards to people finding substantial opportunities for AI to help,” such as bonuses and promotions, he argued. “With the potential productivity gains possible due to [large language models], these are small prices to pay for truly breakthrough innovation.”
  • A gender gap is emerging in AI use, with 54% of men and 35% of women using it in personal or professional contexts, according to a FlexJobs survey of 5,600 workers. Despite the fact that women are more likely to hold jobs at risk of being automated, the survey found that men are also more anxious than women about being replaced by AI, at 38% and 27%, respectively.
  • OpenAI COO Brad Lightcap this week echoed CEO Sam Altman’s prediction that AI will render some jobs obsolete, while noting that AI adoption will also indirectly create new roles. As an example, he cited an organization using AI to increase its code output, noting that the uptick will lead to a need for more marketing and product employees.
  • A National Bureau of Economic Research working paper found that organizations that invest in AI also tend to flatten out over time, with a greater share of junior-level workers and a decrease in the share of middle managers and senior leaders. “The tools are basically enabling people to get the work done individually," explains paper co-author Anastassia Fedyk, an assistant professor of finance at the Haas School of Business at the University of California Berkeley.

Focus on the Changes Coming to Knowledge Work and Management

Microsoft over the past few years has released some of the most interesting research about how people work, including analysis of the explosion of meetings since the pandemic started and the “triple-peak” workday phenomenon.

Now, building on its tight partnership with OpenAI, Microsoft is adding features to the many tools used in workplaces to introduce generative AI functionality. These new capabilities, including Microsoft 365 Copilot, aim to further change the way that knowledge work is done.

To better understand the implications for work and management, we spoke with Jared Spataro, Microsoft’s corporate vice president for Modern Work & Business Applications. Here are excerpts from our conversation, edited for space and clarity:

How would you characterize where we're at in the evolution of knowledge work? And how do you see how we spend our work days evolving over the next two or three years with the rollout of AI tools?

We're in the early stages of it. In many ways, the last couple of decades have really essentially been the digitization of analog work patterns. The spreadsheet, as an example, was a digital representation of a ledger book. Word processing evolved from the typewriter. You see these physical analogs that we have digitized.

In many ways, we were reaching the diminishing returns of that approach and now we're starting to tip into a new era where we're truly digital. We're really thinking about what we can do differently when we're truly digital. And we're realizing, especially because of the pandemic and the massive transformation that we've had of all sorts of different types of communication that we can apply AI to many of the tasks where we have thought, well, this is just the way it's done. So it's exciting for me because we're kind of coming to the close of a first phase of digitization and really entering into a new and very exciting phase.

What are a few things that we do today at work that you think we will stop doing within a few years?

If I take a step back and look at what in particular AI is doing for me and for the folks who are just getting their hands on it, there are a couple of patterns that we're seeing. Number one, we definitely are seeing AI help us find the signal amid the noise. One of the really interesting facts that we uncovered in analysis of our telemetry was almost 60% of the average worker's day is spent communicating or coordinating with others. And that percentage continues to grow. People feel this, for sure. The way they express it often is, I have a whole job to get to my real job, to be able to do the thing I was hired to do. So I see a pattern emerging where AI is going to help us cut through all of that. It's not like we'll communicate less. But we'll be able to find the most important aspects of the communication to help us get our jobs done.

I also am really intrigued by how AI is helping us spark creativity. We'll see entirely new patterns of human-machine collaboration emerge. I don't think that means that we'll collaborate less with people, but it will improve our ability to be creative. That's a unique thought for me. For many years, I thought that machines just wouldn't be good at creative tasks.

Then finally, meetings will be pretty transformed. It's not to say we won't meet any longer, but I'm finding, for instance, I attend fewer meetings because a meeting has become less a point in time and almost a knowledge object that I can query, that I can ask questions to. That's a whole new way of thinking about human interaction.

You described meetings as 'knowledge objects.' Is that because AI is able to easily transcribe and summarize them?

Yes, but there's one other aspect. Transcription technology is getting amazing. It's not error free, but neither are humans when they transcribe. And in my experience, it is far surpassing what a human can do. The summarization is incredibly valuable, but for me it's the next step. A summary is good. It gives you an outline of what happened, but oftentimes you want to know more about the human interaction. I'm amazed, for instance, in some of the tools that we're releasing right now that you can ask very specific questions. Was my name ever mentioned? Was this topic ever mentioned? What was the group's sentiment on this? Not only what decisions did they make, but how did they feel about those decisions? Were there any dissenting opinions? You can get such a fine-grain analysis of human interactions that it really opens your eyes to this idea of wow, it used to be that a meeting happened and it was over and people maybe took sketchy notes. These days, that very full interaction can be looked at from many different angles.

Stepping back, what AI capability or feature do you think will have the greatest impact on knowledge workers over the next few years?

This one's pretty easy for me. People ask me this question as if, 'gosh, Jared, I bet you have a whole bunch and you're not quite sure.' Nope, I have one. It is the emergence essentially of a ChatGPT-like tool for your business. ChatGPT is amazing because if you ask it questions about the material that it was trained on, it gives you surprisingly well-reasoned answers, sometimes wrong. And we can talk about hallucination, but surprisingly well-reasoned answers. Answers that can help you if you're trying to do specific tasks. Today we have no such thing as the equivalent of a ChatGPT for your business where you could ask it everything from Q4 sales to current trends to its prediction of how the quarter will end for a certain product line.

That technology is emerging right now and it will come here much faster than people think. It will reshape job design, roles, even dare I say the operating model of a company. Because so many roles are essentially fashioned to make the company move forward and pass information along so that good decisions get made on some of the key aspects of what it means to make a product and sell it. So I think it's going to be that. I think people in finance to marketing to sales are going to spend less time in the traditional applications that have emerged over the last couple of decades and more time simply querying their company, Hey, what about this? What about that? What if we did this? How should I think about this? Do you have any recommendations on that? And that's a brand new way to think about running a going concern.

Is anything different required from managers to succeed as work evolves over the next few years?

Oh, we're at a real turning point for management. This has been predicted for a number of decades too, but the management philosophy, structures, theses—all the models we're taught in business school—are all based essentially on post-war industrial complex approaches to organizations. Command and control was the first, it's kind of one of these very big approaches. But beyond command and control, even with some of the smaller, more nimble organizations, they've largely been modeled off of traditional structures. AI I think is going to disrupt that. Certainly distributed and flexible work is already disrupting that.

So I think we're going to look back in five and 10 years and say, wow, the manager that emerged from the confluence of those technologies is just an entirely different person. They need to know how to manage the time and energy of the people in their organization across time and space. They have to be able to recognize where augmenting human capacity with machine-based capacity is going to help them get the job done faster, better, higher quality. All of those factors are things that we've never really factored in.

While I can't predict exactly what that will look like, it's easy to predict with 100% certainty that the manager of the next even two or three years is going to look very different from the prototypical that's been trained by business schools over the last few decades.

Read a transcript of our full discussion, including more on the timing for the release of AI tools, specific ways that AI contributes to worker creativity, how AI can be factored into business planning, and what the net impact could be on jobs.

What Else You Need to Know

US employees are working fewer hours. Private-sector workers put in an average of 34.3 hours per week last month, down from the pre-pandemic average.

  • A tight labor market may have counterintuitively contributed to the drop, with employers cutting hours while holding fast to workers, despite an economic slowdown, to avoid letting go of staff and struggling to re-hire later.
  • Other factors include more workers prioritizing work-life balance and more people reentering the workforce and backfilling roles that had previously been left vacant.

Pay transparency is a powerful draw for job seekers. Some 43% of workers say they’re more likely to apply to a role with a listed salary range, while 21% say the absence of such information would make them less inclined to apply or turn them off entirely, according to a new Greenhouse survey of 1,200 US employees.

  • In many cases, however, listed salary information is becoming less illuminating: In major tech-industry hubs and areas covered by pay-transparency laws, pay ranges expanded over the past year, particularly for higher-paying roles.

Employers are in another return-to-office inflection point. As a growing number of organizations redouble their efforts to call workers back, some are experimenting with incentives to ensure compliance (such as Salesforce’s charitable donations tied to in-office days) and others with threats (such as Google’s factoring in-person attendance into performance reviews).

  • In a phenomenon Bloomberg termed “RTO creep,” employers such as Disney and Chipotle that had already instituted a minimum number of in-office days are ramping up their requirements.

We’re now 169 years away from gender parity in economic opportunity at the current rate of progress, according to the World Economic Forum’s latest Global Gender Gap Report, which found that worldwide equality in economic opportunity decreased slightly since last year.

  • The report also measured gender gaps in education, health, and political empowerment. Overall, the level of parity has increased since last year, though in the US it declined by just over 2%.

Employers are tougher on women in job interviews, new research finds. In an analysis of more than 100,000  interviews by the hiring platform Pillar HR, women were asked 20% more questions than men, but given 25% less time to reply.

  • Pillar’s research also found that women’s “candidate sentiment”—how a job seeker feels during the interview—is at its lowest point during conversations about pay.

Here are some of the best tips and insights from the past week for managing yourself and your team:

Implement a (clear but flexible) camera policy for virtual meetings. Going camera-on for the entirety of a meeting is both helpful for complex conversations and draining. A hard-line policy is less useful than one that flexes according to the nature of the meeting—for example, communicating a baseline expectation that people don’t need to turn their camera on unless speaking during ordinary meetings, but that meetings involving high-stakes decisions should have everyone on screen.

Create a path for advancement for non-managers. To retain and develop employees who would prefer to remain individual contributors, build compensation and performance-evaluation structures that support people advancing without having to take on direct reports.

Give remote workers injury-prevention training. Research suggests that injuries caused by desk-based work, such as carpal tunnel syndrome and tendonitis, increased during the pandemic as more workers spent more time hunched over their desks at home. Help workers prevent these injuries by sharing materials on posture and simple stretches to do during the workday.

Coda

Make your job a snooze. A compelling case for a midday power nap: A new study found a link between daytime napping and a slower rate of age-related brain decline.

Interview prep meets table manners. As members of Gen Z enter the workforce with little in-person office experience, students at Miami University in Ohio can attend “etiquette dinners” to learn how to dine with their future bosses.

The handbook for this new era of business doesn’t exist. We’re all drafting our own as we go along—and now we’d like to start doing so together. You can sign up here to receive this briefing by email.